We are used to see how new technologies help people with physical disabilities: automatic wheel chairs, revolutionary prosthesis and even image or voice sensors directly connected to the brain through electrodes. But what about people with a mental disability? Let’s think on those persons that suffer schizophrenia. This is a chronic condition characterized by certain behaviors that are abnormal for the community. In particular, many people with schizophrenia have difficulty recognizing emotions in the facial expressions of other people, which seriously affects social behavior. Furthermore, this difficulty is not limited to schizophrenia, but is also observed in cases of mania, dementia, brain damage, autism etc.
Here come into play social robotics technologies. A social robot is a robot that interacts and communicates with people (or other robots) following social behaviors and rules. Furthermore, traditionally a robot is assumed to be materialized in the form of physical device. However, the same interaction skills designed for a physical robot can be integrated into a virtual character represented in a computer. From this viewpoint, an Avatar may be considered to be a robot, in line with the new technological paradigm in which the boundary between the physical and the virtual reality is progressively diluted.
Now, what advantages does the use of Avatars in psychological and psychiatric therapies have? In my opinion, these advantages are innumerable. An avatar can reach an expressiveness level comparable (if not superior) to that of a physical robot, and even a real personal. Not even a hyper-realistic human appearance is needed: a simple cartoon can be extremely expressive. (Let’s think of the coyote when, in pursuit of the roadrunner, exceeds the limit of the cliff). In addition, unlike a real person, the expressiveness of an avatar can be controlled to the millimeter by a therapist. This way, the virtual avatar can display emotions in varying degrees, from emerging to very marked, randomly or in progression, even depending on the user behavior.
Another great aspect involved is sensorization. Here, the Computer Vision technologies play a decisive role. We are used to our mobile phone camera that detects and tracks faces, identifies which faces correspond to people in our family or social environment and determine when they open their eyes and smile. Obviously, this technology can be put at the service of perceiving the user’s attitude during interaction: whether the user smiles or is sad, if he/she is calm or nervous or feels anxious. In addition, certainly voice analysis can supplement this information. The words used by the person say a lot about his/her mood. In addition, the tone and rhythm also provide crucial information: an angry person talks fast and loud, while someone who is bored speaks slowly, in a slurred speech. Certainly, nowadays the voice analysis goes a step behind the image analysis, probably because it is very close to artificial intelligence that still represents a challenge (although increasingly affordable by technology).
Where does this lead us?To a virtual (or physical) avatar that tracks the user’s face with its eyes, interprets user emotions and reacts accordingly to them, talk friendly and can be supervised by a therapist, with the advantage of being available 24 hours day. A companion, ultimately, that serves as a personal trainer to improve the perception of human emotions. This is not the future. This is the present.
Surely many of you have as childhood memory go shopping with your parents to buy fresh milkfrom farm or the nearest village, or even remembers the van of milkman that went selling the milk in jugs by the streets. This flavour, the cream was left on the surface after boiling at home and what good this cream was to prepare delicious pastries!
In Spain the direct supply by the producer of small quantities of raw milk to the final consumer or to local retail establishments that supply directly to consumers is prohibited, according to Royal Decree 640/2006.
But meanwhile the AECOSAN (Spanish Agency of Consumer Affairs, Food Security and Nutrition) is considering the possibility of amending Royal Decree 640/2006, so that by 2015 it requested the Scientific Committee to report on the microbiological risks associated with the consumption of milk raw and processed dairy products made from raw milk. The report by the Scientific Committee gathered concretely aspects:
The sale of raw milk and cream
The production of cheese more than 60 days with raw milk that does not meet the criteria somatic cell and total germs
The applicable requirements colostrum.
However, the sale of raw milk and cream in Spain intended for direct human consumption is not limited or prohibited, if all the requirements of Regulation (EC) No 852/2004 and Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 are achieved.
Therefore, currently in Spain we can find places to buy raw milk, in fact the trend for “natural is healthier” and other trends have increased the sale of this product. In Spain 42 tons of raw milk were consumed in 2013 (1.2% of all milk consumed), according to the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment. In the United States these trends are much higher, and there are lobby groups that promote the consumption of raw milk and dairy products, but is it safe drinking raw milk?
According to European Union (EU) legislation, “raw milk” is defined as milk produced by the secretion of the mammary gland of farmed animals that has not been heated to more than 40 °C or undergone any treatment that has an equivalent effect. Therefore, when it comes to raw milk consumption we refer to milk without any treatment, not even if we purchased raw milk and it is boiled by us in our home, and by the way, it is made at the discretion of each one.
Milk is a rich in nutrients, high water activity and with proper pHfor growth of microorganisms, both microorganisms beneficial (species of the genera Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus) as pathogens (the most common organisms Salmonellaspp., Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, but also viruses, parasites and food toxins) and this is where it runs a risk when consuming raw milk or products made from it.
Raw milk, contrary to what many people think, is not sterile, and may be the vehicle for the transmission of various diseases, some of them very serious depending on the state of health of the affected person or the moment of the life (children, pregnant women, ageing people, immunocompromised persons, etc.). Potential pathogens are not eliminated because does not exist a heat treatment, and may have reached the milk by a systemic infection of animals, or mastitis thereof (udder infection), addition during milking and subsequent distribution there is a risk contamination and deterioration thereof.
Treatments like pasteurization (heating for a specified time at temperatures below 100 ºC) or sterilization (higher than 100 ºC for a given time), allow us to have in our homes safe milk for our consumption, killing vegetative forms in first case and vegetative and spore forms the second.
The movements and groups advocating the consumption of raw milk, recommend its use without any heat treatment, even for children, arguing that the milk itself is safe, and they rely on the control of livestock and good practices. They also believe that raw milk is able to prevent allergies and intolerances. Neither pasteurization or sterilization determine allergy or intolerance to milk, milk either raw, pasteurized or sterilized is not suitable for people who have intolerance to lactose.
Processing operations of milk have influence in their organoleptic quality, and someflavors and tastes that have raw milk are lost during these operations, mainly due to the process of homogenization of fat, rather than processes heat to make it safe for its consumption.
The technology of food processes has allowed over the years to provide safe and affordable food to consumers. In the case of milk may we yearn for the taste of milk, their original taste, but if we do a real analysis of the risks of drinking raw milk without any treatment not worth playing roulette with a glass of raw milk… even if it is yummy.
In the 20th Century 80’s decade there was reborn interest in neural networks, both in academia and industry. A neural network is an algorithm that mimics the neural connections present in the neocortex. The interest was motivated by the rediscovering of algorithms to train the networks. Through training, a neural network can learn to do something. And since neural networks are implemented in computers, we have computers that can learn. This is an intellectual ability that people share with monkeys among other animals with neocortex. For this reason, neural networks are the backbone of machine learning, which according to some is part of artificial intelligence.
Neural networks can learn to classify objects and also to reproduce the behaviour of complex systems. They learn by examples. When we want to teach a neural network to differentiate between apples and oranges we have to present it examples of both fruits with a label indicating if it is an orange or an apple. The point is the neural network will be able to correctly classify oranges and apples different to the ones used during training. This is because a neural network does not perform a mere memorisation, but they are able to generalise. This is the key for learning.
But the interest in neural networks that raised up during the eighties faded as the following decade started because more promising machine learning methods appeared. However, a group of indomitable Canadian researchers managed to persevere and transformed neural networks into deep learning.
Deep learning is an algorithm family similar to neural networks, with the same aim and better performance. The number of neurons and connections is higher, but the main difference is the abstraction capacity. When we train a neural network to differentiate between apples and oranges we cannot present the items as they are, we have to extract some features that describe the oranges and apples, as the colour, shape, size, etc. To do this is what in this context we call abstraction. In contrast to neural networks, deep learning is able to do abstraction by itself. This is the reason why deep learning is thought to be able to understand what they see and heard and it is, therefore, a bridge between machine learning and artificial intelligence.
As it happened with neural networks, deep learning has gained huge interest among companies. In 2013, Facebook failed to buy company DeepMind, but Google succeeded one year later when it paid 500 million dollars for it. In case some body missed this irruption of deep learning in the media, it became mainstream in early 2016 when Google DeepMind software AlphaGo beated Lee Sedol, the go champion. This was an unprecedented technical success because go is much harder than chess. When IBM’s Deep Blue won Garry Kasparov in 1996, it used a strategy based on figuring out all the possible short-term movements. However, this strategy is not possible in go because the possibilities are infinite in comparison to chess. For this reason, Google DeepMind’s AlphaGo is not programmed to play go, it is able to learn to play by itself. The machine learns by playing many times against a human player, improving in every game until it becomes unbeatable.
Deep learning is not a secret arcane, anybody who wants to learn it can do it. There are free available tools, like Theano, TensorFlow and H2O, that allows any person with programming knowledge and the concepts in mind to try it. The company OpenAI has freely released its first algorithm, which has been made around the reinforced learning paradigm. There also companies offering commercial products onto which applications can be build. These are the cases of the Spanish Artelnics and the Californian Numenta. Deep learning is being successfully used for face recognition and verbal command interpretation.
Deep learning, besides other machine learning paradigms, could be an important innovation opportunity. It could be one of the tools to unleash the value hidden in the big data repositories. Moreover, in the industrial practice it could be used to detect and classify faults or defects, to model complex systems to be used in control schemes, and in novelty detection.
Despite the title, this blog is not about ballroom dances, but about something related to movement and how to guide your dance partner.
Have you ever felt how a footbridge sways when you walk over it or how a stadium stand vibrates under your feet when you are jumping and cheering up your favorite football team? If not, I highly recommend you to see these videos: Millenium Bridge London, Commerzbank-Arena Frankfurt or Volga Bridge Volgograd.
Why do these structures sway if they are building with strong and rigid materials like concrete or steel? In general, all structures vibrate in response to external excitation like people, vehicles or wind gust, but some structures sway more perceptible than others.
Structures perform more or less amplitude oscillations depending on their stiffness, mass and damping parameters. As a rule of thumb, the more slender, the more sensitive to develop noticeable rocking motions and even ones annoying and dangerous for people.
The best way to understand these concepts is by testing. If you are at home, I encourage you to go to the kitchen and take some spaghetti noodles and strawberries. Also you can use small balls made with a putty-like modelling material like plasticine® instead of the fruit. Now, hold tightly one end of a noddle and pierce a strawberry/plasticine® ball in the opposite end. Then, make small back and forth movement with your hand.
Changing the frequency of the movement you realize that the noddle performs big oscillationsand even is broken at a particular rate. This frequency is called resonance frequency and is defined by the noddle flexibility or “stiffness” and the strawberry/plasticine® weight or “mass”. If now you try with two noodles instead of one and later you use a heavier or lighter strawberry, you will perceive how the resonance frequency changes, being lower as long as you have lower stiffness and/or bigger mass.
With regard to damping, this property is related to the material used and basically it opposes to the movement. In other words, the more damping, the lower oscillations will be developed at the resonance frequency and the vibration will stop sooner once the excitation is ceased. This can be checked using a steel wire instead of the spaghetti. You notice the spaghetti damping is higher however it is more fragile than steel.
Coming back to structures, these ones are designed and built using different materials and geometries. Therefore they have different mass, stiffness and damping values and consequently different resonance frequencies. What would happen if one of the footbridge resonance frequencies was closed or the same to the people pacing rate crossing over it? As we saw in the experiment, the footbridge would sway perceptibly with lower or bigger oscillations depending on the damping. With a very low damping value, the oscillations performed would be so big that the structure must be closed to be modified. This was what happened three days after the London Millenium Bridge opening day.
Basically, there are two solutions to avoid noticeable vibrations in a structure. The first one would be modifying its resonance frequency changing its stiffness and/or mass. The second one would be based on adding damping to the structures. The first solution is in general expensive and would modify the final structure design becoming less slender what usually dislike the structure designer/architect. The second solution would be more affordable and unnoticeable. It would consist on adding damping devices along the structure in order to increase the structure global damping. Some examples of these devices are oil dampers and viscoelastic dampers. To work properly, these devices need to link two points of the structure with relative movement.
Other damping systems in what CARTIF has been working for years are the “Tuned Mass Dampers” or TMD. These systems consist on a mass attached to the structure by means of coil springs or metallic cables (pendulum TMD) and passive damping devices like oil dampers and neodymium magnets or active ones like magnetorheological dampers.
These systems only need to be attached to one point of the structure, being generally the one with the biggest oscillations. Its functioning principle is based on kinetic/inertial energy transference between the structure and the TMD. An example of these systems is the one recently installed in the second world tallest building, the Shanghai Tower, where a 1000 tons pendulum TMD drastically reduces the skyscraper oscillations in response to wind loads.
Summarizing, in spite of the fact that structures sway, it is always possible to “guide” them to gentle movements by means of damping system such as Tuned Mass Dampers.
‘Or from how to cultivate the energy consciousness of the tomorrow’s citizens through the education of today’s children’
Working in a technological centre where is made R & D & i is far from being the case of living in a futuristic bubble far away from the reality that is lived at grassroots level. On the contrary what we have in our handsday by day are challenges that any of us could meet. In my case, as a researcher working on issues of energy efficiency and sustainability, that is more than evident.
As you may have already seen in previous posts of my colleagues if you’re a regular reader of this blog, in the energy area we work on numerous projects that address energy efficiency in different fields and at different scales. We approach the problem from building level to city level, going through community and district or neighbourhood scales. These projects have a multitude of more or less complex technical implications that we analyse from different perspectives and profiles (architecture, engineering, computer science or telecommunications among others) seeking the optimal solutionsforeach case, but as would Ende, that is another story and shall be told another time.
Today I want to focus my attention on a necessary pillar to achieve efficiency and sustainability that is not a technical one: the user, the neighbour, the citizen. In short, people. You and me that after all are the ones who make things work as they do. As we have seen through the results of the DIRECTION project, in which they were built two buildings of very low energy consumption in Valladolid and Munich, the behaviour of users of buildings and their awareness have a great influence on the consumption and comfort final values.
Although there is an increasingly widespread awareness on energy and sustainability, in many cases it remains somewhat generic and fails to lead to changes in our habits. As my colleague Ana Quijano commented in his post, a key element is to ensure that the actions at a certain scale are profitable. This is certainly true in general terms, but in day to day life something more is needed. Social acceptance is an aspect that affects more than we might think. It is necessary that each of us become aware of our effect of our ability to act when it comes to getting energy savings and of our responsibility. For this to be so, it is necessary knowledge, mainly about the possibilities each one can have, and of course education. At this point it is when it starts to make sense the title of this post.
If the awareness of each of us as today’s individuals is essential, educating those who will be tomorrow’s citizens it is crucial. Only in this way it will be possible to find a way out of the energy and environmental crossroad where we have placed our planet. For those like me who have already reached a certain age, to act accordingly to energy consciousness might require changes in our traditional habits, and that’s not always easy to assimilate. It would have been simpler if we had them assimilated from childhood as normal, and this is where we can influence to improve the future from the present, through the education of children. The importance of teaching children in energy efficiency and energy and natural resources saving, lies not only in the transmission of adequate personal and social values, but in that they can assimilate as their own some behaviours that most adults have had to acquire belatedly, if we have done it.
There are increasingly more initiatives in this line in which the smallest of the house are the focus of attention. In schools, camps and other activities are routinely included resources relating to recycling and the reduction of the use of natural resources and their efficient use. How the energy is produced, transformed and used, as well as the consequences of each step are already part of the curricular itinerary. Recently, our colleague Laura López was speaking us in her post about an event organized by CARTIF in collaboration with the Municipality of Valladolid with the aim of raising awareness to children about recycling, specifically about the plastic named expanded polystyrene (EPS). Such initiatives are very important in strengthening on the education of children their awareness and responsibility. However, as a mother, I cannot fail to recognize that in this matter (as in many others) education at home is essential even more through the example. Our children reflect on their habits what they see in us, what they live every day, so we must strive to also (and especially) at home act with environmental and energy consciousness.
To achieve energy savings we can basically act in two ways, through solutions to reduce demand or consumption, or through energy efficiency solutions. Or to put it another way, spending less and spending better. It is no longer difficult to reduce the amount of energy we use by choosing devices and services of low or lower consumption and avoiding the waste of energy (holding lighted only the necessary lights, completely turning off electronic devices in the home, adjusting thermostats to suitable temperatures …).
Although it can seem difficult to see, children can also help us in these tasks. What might be more complex for us is to convince ourselves that such actions should not be a sort of imposition of our times but rather that saving energy is beneficial to us, both as individuals and as a society. Beyond the potential economic savings, reducing the general pollution with its consequent health benefits and reducing emissions of greenhouse gases that helps reducing the effects of climate change are positive consequences for all derived from individual appropriate attitudes and behaviour.
Among all and for the common good, we must help our children to take responsibility and behave in a critical way and have energy and environmental consciousness, to make it real that they are the kind of citizen of the future “our” planet needs. Particularly as a researcher in energy efficiency and sustainability, as a citizen who aspires to be part of a conscious and committed to energy efficiency and environmental protection society, and as a mother of a little citizen, I hope so.
VideoGames, social networks and wearables have been installed in our lives since a few years. They occupy much of our free time, allowing new methods of interacting with families and friends. They are part of the so called Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), a pillar of the new concept of health eHealth that gives meaning to the use of social networks, videogames and wearables in order to improve the quality of life of the people.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines eHealth as “the use of information and communication technologies for better health monitoring; for example, for the treatment of certain patients, promote research, create tools for education students, do screaning in various diseases”. The main participants of the eHealth, patients (ePatient) and doctors (eDoctor) are aware of that technology can improve the performance of health systems and make use of it for their benefit.
The objective of eHealth is to focus the health system on the specific needs of citizens by providing and exchanging information. Hence patients, professionals and health managersprovide knowledge to the care chain with the aim of promoting the prevention, diagnosis early and specialized treatment.
The main services that provide e-health are telemedicine, telecare, online consultations, telematic management, monitoring and treatment delivery and management big data the health management entails. Professionals, patients and managers are closer, easing efforts, avoiding displacements and reducing resources while improving service.
The new technologies, social networks, specialized blogs, wikis, podcasts, videos and messaging services, video games, wearables, of whom know their lucid and social part allow the exchange of information and knowledge, basic aspect in e-health, through:
Patients’ Communities in whom share experiences, talk about their disease, treatments and resources available. Patients have company.
Professionals’ Communities to share experiences, knowledge, approaches, concerns, views, etc.
Health networks that connect patients with professionals, and provide useful information to users. They often include valuation services, testimonials, advice, recommendations, etc.
Health information Sources available to patients and professionals who report on the latest developments and report on the health aspect.
Direct communication through the latest technologies (videoconferencing, chat, blogs, forums, etc.) that enable remote assistance, and allow the patient and the professional maintain a close relationship.
Patient monitoring and treatment, application usage and wearables devices that allow continuous monitoring of the health conditions of patients, especially chronic, and evaluate, motivate and guide their treatment.
Treatments and health monitoring of chronic patients require monitoring professionals who perform the testing and evaluation of patients. So far, it requires the need to go to the health center and make an appointment with the appropriate professionals. Mobile applications, wearables and video games allow the patient can perform their own testsat home providing professional data necessary to carry out the necessary assessments without resorting to consultation, reducing costs, increasing the rate of monitoring and increased adherence to treatment.
There are a lot of applications related to eHealth and especially chronic patients such as diabetes. Videogames, or Serious Games, as they are called, are a kind of applications that go beyond entertainment and allow motivate, evaluate and inform patients, allow greater adherence to treatment in patients. These applications and devices can increase patient knowledge about their disease and enhance training and skills development and extraction of valuable information for professionals, while fun and involves the patient.
It is clear that eHealth offers many advantages but, are they accessible to everyone? The basis of eHealth is ICT and therefore requires knowledge and assimilation of them. Not everybody dominate these technologies. The elderly have greater difficulty in accessing Internet so that, there is a handicap to overcome in order to they can be part of eHealth. They also tend to have misgivings about changes and prefer not to change.
As you can read, eHealth facilitates the exchange of knowledge, treatment adherence reducing costs and increasing the knowledge of patients and professionals. But its implementation is slow because it depends not only on technology but the attitude of people to them.
